Essay On Biofeedback Technology - 853 Words

Innovations in biofeedback technology provide the unique opportunity for dynamic and visual intervention of articulatory disorders, especially in cases where the target sound is hard to describe or see. One of the primary modes of this visual biofeedback is electropalatography (EPG), which provides information about tongue-hard palate contact points through sensors integrated in a custom-made artificial palate moulded to fit against a speakers hard palate. EPG intervention has been previously investigated in its efficacy in remediating persistent misarticulations and found to have short-term benefits for children and adolescents who are profoundly deaf or hard of hearing (Bacsfalvi, Bernhardt, and Gick, 2003; Bacsfalvi, Bernhardt, and†¦show more content†¦Established long term benefit would be strong support in adopting EPG intervention into mainstream therapy methodology. In addition, there is the barrier of cost. Since, the intervention equipment itself is not easily obtained by speech pathologists, a strong evidence base with more large scale randomized studies is necessary to justify the cost of this intervention method. Currently, many of the studies examining this method of intervention are comprised of a small case series or a single case study due to the wide variation in articulatory errors assessed by this method of therapy. It is generally accepted that it is difficult to stereotype the articulatory patterns of deaf and hard of hearing individuals, due to the wide range of variability in segmental production between and within speakers of normal hearing (Vuckovich, M. 2006). For this reason, this intervention method has largely been evaluated via case series. However, adjusting targets to examine a more comprehensive battery of sounds would allow for a larger sample size and randomized design. It has yet to be investigated if individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing need continued practice with electropalatography technology in order to establish long term generalization of articulatory patterns. It would be crucial to determine production improvements of treatment targets, generalization targets, as wellShow MoreRelatedThe Implementation of Office Automation System: Positive and Negative Impacts1262 Words   |  5 PagesModel Analysis Essay Introduction With factory and farm work revolutionizing the world economy, Office Automation Systems have influenced the white-collar job and changed the society. We have seen both positive and negative impacts attributed to the new system. Therefore, it is incumbent on people to guide and understand the change process to effect positive impacts. Office Automation Systems has unquestionably had impacts on all office employees (Daft Marcic, 2009). 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Decision Making; Medicaid Cuts - 1255 Words

Decision Making: Medicaid budget cuts An emergency manager’s meeting was called this morning to announce the 2009 fiscal budget cut’s starting June 1, 2009. The North Carolina Department of Health and Hospitals has cut Medicaid payments for hospital services by 15 % to reduce the state s budget deficit.These budget changes will directly affect private insurers with significant focus on the Medicaid recipients in the rural low income population located in Eastern North Carolina. During this called meeting a manager mentioned the Informed Decision Toolbox, she read about in an article for her graduate program. This article mentions steps or processes to help decide which services could be eliminated or introduced to continue to provide†¦show more content†¦Evaluate the decisions and outcomes by continuously reviewing the data and develop measureable goals. Since implementing the services provided by the clinic the organizational budget should be reduced by 15 % before the next fiscal year. Having bu y in from the community to support services the clinic has eliminated from the operating budget will be a win-win situation for all involve. In step 4, applying the Informed Decision toolkit to the changes implemented during the adjustment to the budget. Steps three and four are similar in the approach of evaluating the progress of the decision and measuring the goals. An option to assistance with budget changes is allowing healthcare providers to practice in clinic; service for space option. The idea of this option, is allowing medical providers practice clinic which is fully operational while caring for Medicaid patients with simple needs. Medicaid recipients will receive health screening such as a diabetes and hypertension. Another win -win situation, decrease emergency room visit for Medicaid patients and medical provider will eliminate healthcare facility overhead cost due to service for space agreement. Determining if the progress will work or if more research in the validity is needed is the next step of the IDT. Putting the decision to work for the manager or the policymaker is step 5. Rundall states, â€Å"Actionability questions include whetherShow MoreRelatedDecision Making in Health Care1528 Words   |  7 Pagescare providers. Budget cuts are not just a speculation but are a reality. Decision-making to provide quality patient care with less money is a challenge at best. Health care management decisions are made daily and these affect many patients both positively, and negatively. Texas state department budgets are continuing to become leaner, and the Medicaid population seems to be continually growing. 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Being There For You free essay sample

You have been the unshakeable fortress, the endless source of support and self strength, my only source of inspiration. During my tough years, you have always been there to pick me up when I fell, always there to push me through difficult situations, and to stabilize me when my balance faltered. You taught me from right and wrong; you taught me how to pick myself up and to not feel sorry for myself, to work with what I have instead of thinking about what I don’t have. You pushed me to the limit and you made me believe in myself. From the days I sprinted to your room in the middle of the night running away from my endless nightmares, to the night I had my first girlfriend. From all those nights you laid in bed with me narrating all of your childhood stories to the night I went away for boarding school, always your support has been endless continuous and persistent and for that I am eternally thankful. We will write a custom essay sample on Being There For You or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thanks to you, I have been able to move on with my life, taking risks, and pushing through pains, because I know you are always going to be there when I fall. Now grandpa is gone and it is my turn. For the first time I saw him cry, it was like watching an impenetrable fortress to crack and fall into pieces like watching an ancient tree to fall out from it’s roots. The shock left me speechless, I ran out of words to say, things to do or think about, because no matter what I say it wouldn’t make the pain and grief go away. Experiencing this conglomerate of emotions left me restless making me feel like my feet were glued to the ground disabling me from any attempt of motion. During the ceremony I truly did not know what to expect, sitting in the first row with my cousin Diego helped me avoid all those familiar faces that at some point were going to turn awkward. The priest began the ceremony speaking beautifully about grandpa and all my mind focused on was my dad. The priest came down from the podium going down the stairs he approached the front row, where my dad, aunts and uncles were sitting, as he came down he grabbed the picture of my grandpa that was sitting on top of his ashes. At that point I was able to see how my dad’s shoulders and chest shrugged and contracted when the priest turned around the picture revealing the picture on the back. It was a picture of â€Å" Tita† my dead grandmother who I did not get the privilege to meet for she died 20 years ago. Seeing my dad’s approach in the ceremony inspired me greatly. The way he handled himself during the funeral displayed a great deal of self restrain and inner strength by e nduring the entire ceremony. As the ceremony proceeded it came to the last part, the end of the funeral, but before it was over my dad had elaborated a small speech, a closing speech about my grandpa. People can think what ever they want about procrastinating and the quality of are when done at the last minute, but it was understood by everybody that no one, had ever summarized the life of a great individual so beautifully, detailed and concrete on a napkin. The words that came out of my dad’s mouth made my grandpa’s spirit to arise from his ashes and fall into our hearts becoming immortal; he described 88 years of hard and unceasing work. 88 years of feeding and providing for 12 children, providing them with all the opportunities in within his possibilities, making sure all his children grew up to be honest and humble individuals who knew how to live, a life of righteousness and tenacity. It is a strange feeling to have to switch roles with someone like your dad, and become his back support, but to me there is no greater feeling than being needed for your family and being able to be there for them whenever and wherever. The passing away of â€Å" tito† my grandpa left me with a lot of questions but also with some answers about life and death. I learnt that giants also hurt, that giants also need someone to lean on to, someone where they can find shelter and strength.

Kinship free essay sample

This paper investigates the phenomenon of borrowing of the kinship terms from one language to another. The languages under inquiry are Punjabi and Urdu in an area where both the languages are spoken as the major languages. It is natural for languages to adopt words from other languages due to their contact with each other. The paper explores the contact situation of Urdu and Punjabi with particular focus on the phenomenon of the borrowing of the kinship terms. In order to investigate the matter quantitatively ten subjects were selected, whose first language (L1) was Punjabi. A questionnaire was made containing kinship terms of Urdu language and the subject knowledge of the Punjabi kinship terms was checked. In a community where the speakers are bilinguals with Punjabi and Urdu languages, the study shows that Urdu kinship terms are preferred over Punjabi kinship terms to such an extent that the speakers use Urdu kinship terms even when they speak their mother tongue, namely, Punjabi. We will write a custom essay sample on Kinship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction: Kinship is one of the universals in human society and therefore plays an important role in both the regulation of behavior and the formation of social groups. Kinship systems depend on the social recognition and cultural implementation of relationships derived from descent and marriage and normally involve a set of kinship terms and an associated set of behavioral patterns and attitudes which, together, make up a systematic whole. All societies distinguish various categories of relation-ship by descent or consanguinity, and most societies distinguish relationships by marriage or affinity as well. Although dictionary definitions differentiate these relationships, it is convenient to extend the term â€Å"kinship† to cover both kinds. The resulting network of social relations may constitute almost the whole social structure in some of the simpler societies or be a relatively small part of a highly complex structure, as in modern industrial societies. In either case, however, the system of kin-ship and marriage plays an important role in maintaining group cohesion and solidarity and in orienting the individual members to the social maze. The use of the term â€Å"system† implies that there is a complex relation of interdependence between the component parts: the social categories and the associated rights and duties. Lexical borrowing can be defined as the adoption of individual words from another language. It happens when two languages are in contact and one language borrows lexical items from the other language. Borrowing is the process which requires language contact. It means there should be at least a certain degree of bilingualism for some people with the donor language and the recipient language. In this study the donor language is Urdu and the recipient language is Punjabi and the lexical items which are analyzed are the kinship terms. Objectives: The paper aims to: ?Compare the Urdu and Punjabi kinship terms. ?Explore the borrowing of the kinship terms when the speakers of a community use Urdu and Punjabi languages. ? language Investigate the influence of Urdu on Punjabi in urban areas with particular focus on the kinship terms. Punjabi Language: The Punjabi language is a member of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-European family. It is spoken by more than 100 million people in Punjab (in Pakistan and north western India). Over 44% of Pakistanis learn it as their first language and about 70% of Pakistanis can understand it. Kinship Terminology in Punjabi and Urdu: The kinship terminology in both the Punjabi and Urdu languages is very extensive and specific. The system makes crucial reference to three parameters: age, consanguinity (relation by blood or marriage) and laterality (relation on the mother’s side or father’s side). As a result, instead of general terms as „uncle? or „aunt? , highly specific terms are used. English-speaking people do not distinguish linguistically between uncle „father’s brother? , „mother’s brother? , „father’s sister’s husband? , „mother’s sister’s husband? , but Punjabi and Urdu languages do distinguish between all of these different relationships. The assumption is that this differential linguistic labeling reflects differences in the structures of different societies and in the roles and behavior which are expected of individuals having particular relationships with one another (Trudgill 1992). Table 1: Urdu and Punjabi kinship terms Urdu TermPunjabi Term AbbuAbbu/Abba AmmiAmmi/Amma BetaPutar BetiDhee Bara BhaiLala/Veer/bhra Chota BhaiKaka/Nikka BehanBhain DadaDada/Baba DadiDadi/Wade amma NanaNana NaniNani ShoharKhasam/Karwala/Banda BiviKarwali/Budhi DulhaLara/Nadha/Ghabru DulhanWohti/Lari TayaBaba/Taya/wade Abbu TayeeBabi/Tayee/wade Amma ChachaChachu ChachiChachi PhuphaPhupher PhuphiPhupho KhaluKhalu/Maasser KhalaaMaasee/khala MamuMama/Mamu MamaniMami BhabhiBharjayee BhatijaPatriya/Bhatriya BhatijiPatri/Bhatri BhanjaBharyya/Bhanja/Panewa BhanjiBharyye/Bhanji/panewee BehnoyeeaBhanuja/Bharwiyya SalaSala SaleharSalehar SaliSali SandhuSandha/Sandhu NandNinnan JaithJaith JaithaniaJaithani DewarDeor DewaraniDarani DamadJawayee BahuNoo Pota Potra PotiPotri DotaDotra DotiDotria SuserSora SaasSas Population: Ten respondents were selected randomly whose first language (L1) was Punjabi and who were residing in the urban and rural areas of Sargodha. Sargodha is a multi-cultural city where Punjabi and Urdu are the major languages. Procedure: A questionnaire was made consisting of 50 vocabulary items i. e. Urdu kinship terms. The respondents were asked to write down the equivalent Punjabi terms as well as the terms that they use when they speak Punjabi. Results and Analysis of the Data: The respondents proficiency as well as their usage of Punjabi kinship terms was checked by the questionnaire and the results were found as follows: Total number of respondents: 10 First Language (L1) of the respondents: Punjabi Table 2: Results of the Questionnaire Urdu Kinship TermNumber %age of the respondents who knew equivalent Punjabi termNumber %age of the respondents who reported that they use Punjabi term when they speak Punjabi Abbu10(100%)3(30%) Ammi9(90%)5(50%) Beta10(100%)8(80%) Beti10(100%)7(70%) Bhai9(90%)7(70%) Behan7(70%)3(30%) Shohar8(80%)4(40%) Bivi9(90%)3(30%) Dulha 7(70%)2(20%) Dulhan8(80%)4(40%) Phupha9(90%)2(20%) Khalu8(80%)1(10%) Khala10(100%) 2(20%) Mamu10(100%)1(10%) Mamani10(100%) 4(40%) Bhabhi9(90%)3(30%) Behnoyee8(80%)2(20%) Nand9(90%)4(40%) Dewar7(70%)1(10%) Dewarani8(80%)2(20%) Bahu10(100%)5(50%) Pota9(90%)3(30%) Dota10(100%)3(30%) Susser10(100%)2(20%) Damad7(70%)4(40%) Average values9(90%)3(30%) The data show that nine out of total ten respondents which become 90% of the total population under investigation know the Punjabi kinship terms. 10% of the population does not know the Punjabi kinship terms at all. As for the usage of Punjabi kinship terms, only 30% of the population (only three out of ten) uses Punjabi kinship terms while speaking Punjabi. They prefer Urdu kinship terms even when they speak Punjabi. Discussion: The literature reviewed and the data collected show that the Punjabi language is clearly borrowing kinship terms from the Urdu language where the two languages are spoken in the same area. People with Urdu and Punjabi bilingualism prefer Urdu kinship terms even when they speak Punjabi. Their first language (L1) is Punjabi, the data show that 10% of the population does not know the Punjabi kinship terms at all. This population knows only Urdu kinship terminology. Out of the 90% population who knows the Punjabi kinship terms, only 30% uses Punjabi kinship terms while speaking Punjabi. Most of the respondents reported that they prefer Urdu kinship terms even when they speak Punjabi. The summary of kinship terms (Table 1) shows that most of the kinship terms of Urdu and Punjabi are similar; yet there are some differences. The Punjabi language is a member of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-European language family. Over 44% of Pakistanis learn it as their first language. Urdu was formed around the 1600? s in Central Asia. It has borrowed numerous linguistic items from Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan languages. So in the course of its development Urdu might have borrowed kinship terms from Punjabi with some changes due to its different phonological system. Now it is surprising that Punjabi is borrowing the kinship terms back from Urdu exactly in the same way as they are used in Urdu because Urdu is enjoying more prestige than Punjabi. Conclusion: The study shows that the Urdu kinship terms are preferred over Punjabi kinship terms to such an extent that the speakers use Urdu kinship terms even when they speak in their mother tongue i. e. Punjabi. Some of the Punjabi speakers have even lost their L1 kinship terms. The paper highlights the phenomenon of borrowing of kinship terms in urban areas from comparatively high prestige language i. e. Urdu to low prestige language i. e. Punjabi. It shows that the Punjabi speakers living in urban areas could not fully retain their L1 kinship terms and adopted the Urdu kinship terms. The study also highlights the phenomenon of lexical borrowing as one of the potential factors involved in the change of lexicon of a language in language contact situations.